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The coal carrier Shen Neng 1 -- two football fields long -- foundered on April 3 last year, leaking tonnes of heavy fuel oil and threatening a major ecological disaster.

While a catastrophe was avoided, the ship gouged a three-kilometre (1.8-mile) scar in the World Heritage-listed coral reef.

In its final report on the incident, the Australian Transport Safety Bureau found the chief mate was fatigued and it affected his performance as he monitored the ship's position.

"The chief mate was affected by fatigue and this resulted in a decreased level of performance while he was monitoring Shen Neng 1's position," it said.

"The ship did not have an effective fatigue management system in place to ensure that the bridge watchkeeper was fit to stand a navigational watch."

Ship's master Wang Jichang, 47, was charged last year with liability and faces a fine up to Aus$55,000 (US$51,000), while crewmate Wang Xuegang, 44, was accused of being in charge of the ship when it crashed.

He could be handed a three-year jail term and a maximum Aus$220,000 fine.

ATSB Chief Commissioner Martin Dolan said the grounding provided an important safety lesson for all seagoing vessels.

"Fatigue is one of the key safety risks facing s,22730,69072,12698,92742,78702,10148,63579,23647,59932,78822,41415,76154,30718,37787,49691,35733,27499,60993,50659,36758,77175,83475,48960,87434,44544,65944,51797,17207,81933,26649,10139,38680,15056,19520,95727,20118,16301,21016,49237,98201,57924,84395,97539,73815,34722,34986,84183,73702,93400,50624,73903,24242,22242,73577,40248,34755,28510,41092,29434,88050,72657,34126,42372,32163,36044,13841,30159,59472,39318,38979,16662,48360,97352,80884,43275,44270,69198,68206,53307,51164,24830,62839,32479,71654,10714,37386,82713,29201,21560,98906,20907,51705,61942,48523,47660,18892,93566,84416,54360,65517,76144,50456,82287,81893,38136,34188,88590,82505,90452,93291,63097,57566,82562,83315,31945,27944,21661,94408,50990,54096,24487,80539,68569,22349,86949,65492,44189,37852,64494,31313,60957,54570,57717,29686,53656,67985,92638,78295,12397,51024,68884,62182,65407,92132,41831,79979,52549,38683,55200,33444,27488,43044,11249,81369,47116,96383,41785,93479,71848,30108,31191,73021,67339,36652,51218,90461,13803,13184,27557,72381,21696,26210,36015,23569,77027,44196,74856,11383,34933,19537,11426,42224,71160,22586,54810,73965,23738,58083,82406,41823,15561,38164,70702,33668,41212,86326,21612,83567,29640,66914,39991,74731,12197,35809,33490,85830,95880,27287,79535,48980,84542,23934,36995,90415,25699,17831,92322,32007,62972,23672,84730,98541,27896,68102,85611,16729,36085,46421,63020,53151,61533,58840,10093,89313,15194,89530,61123,85102,11226,73076,57657,24259,68618,67776,17471,79360,29007,63503,60720,58983,48073,73298,72138,41040,90655,41227,50513,59093,30646,58010,12753,87516,49071,85824,75075,62838,31380,78562,55869,41156,98783,79638,98791,99105,58551,38041,37046,68396,44919,41861,54772,48246,52572,80375,86478,42799,52653,41403,77449,53247,23234,22875,33660,74074,39643,64699,33367,33011,68034,37697,53696,72983,91706,60361,24075,28665,45251,27789,97458,63959,19777,86192,19849,67615,17686,40332,42754,37860,56855,71304,38979,62695,56577,60263,89845,68500,86992,49960,37472,12723,83887,94801,32677,62719,93539,22808,81184,78768,24087,40521,70314,18527,17078,85211,61182,80446,59097,51312,86878,83171,38085,44491,83958,16054,89580,43090,47078,10273,11555,52928,38773,61333,18214,69169,76657,87020,93215,91293,89595,65429,41728,19093,63722,72811,74596,52341,21186,60557,35233,12344,27663,72969,68976,84815,46786,48773,77989,43641,74450,88421,80605,47557,76474,77566,39620,35981,51879,68016,17558,10435,24691,58438,65005,38364,44265,76863,59342,52742,19617,32106,63223,72676,25881,57718,54023,40667,77203,37485,45078,23639,36503,95581,99707,45546,46071,28930,48576,56030,61823,37036,45605,51842,36546,98637,79487,45505,66021,73005,81147,12588,18110,62870,91655,44364,91658,27434,18509,13168,23298,97312,92878,71615,91241,97516,42860,72808,98492,91276,85417,15906,20669,87632,84738,85676,51713,84969,28597,64900,65790,69943,10985,83111,21672,54068,64518,23519,25324,72158,85713,33377,52364,10996,39435,31690,14431,56133,54538,33648,18209,16743,36787,19231,76701,21282,55405,49317,96196,45167,72490,43718